La epopeya heroica yakuta Olonjo
Federación de Rusia ◈
Inscrito en 2008 (3.COM) en la Lista Representativa del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad (proclamado originalmente en 2005)
El término “Olonjo” designa a la vez la tradición épica de Yakutia, una de las artes épicas más antiguas de los pueblos turcicos y la epopeya central de esta tradición. Hoy día, todavía se representa de vez en cuando en la República de Saja (Yakutia), situada en el extremo oriental de la Federación de Rusia.
Estos cuentos poéticos, que pueden variar de 10.000 a 15.000 versos, son interpretados por un cantante-narrador en dos partes: una cantada en verso que se alterna con otra en prosa compuesta por recitativos. Además de poseer dotes de actor y de cantante, el narrador debe ser un maestro de elocuencia y de improvisación poética. La epopeya relata numerosas leyendas sobre antiguos guerreros, divinidades, espíritus y animales, pero también trata de acontecimientos contemporáneos, como la desintegración de la sociedad nómada.
Dado que cada comunidad tenía su propio narrador con un amplio repertorio, circulaban numerosas versiones del Olonjo. La tradición surgió dentro del contexto familiar como una forma de entretenimiento y un medio de educación. Esta epopeya, reflejo las creencias de Yakutia, también es un reflejo del modo de vida de una nación pequeña que lucha por su supervivencia en tiempos de inestabilidad política y en diversas condiciones climáticas y geográficas.
Los cambios políticos y tecnológicos acaecidos en Rusia en el siglo XX amenazaron la existencia de esta tradición épica en la República de Saja. Pese al interés cada vez mayor que suscita el Olonjo desde los años de perestroika, esta tradición está amenazada debido al escaso número de los que la detentan, todos de edad avanzada.
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