Indonesia Malaysia Brunei Darussalam

Inscribed in 2025 (20.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

Pantun is a form of Malay verse used to express intricate ideas and emotions. It is a widespread oral form in maritime Southeast Asia. Pantun has a clear a-b-a-b rhyme scheme. The four-line variety is the most common. Pantuns may be transmitted in music, song and writing. Performances are headed by the ‘pemantun’ (the pantun narrator), the singers and customary chiefs. Most verses are devoted to expressing love for a romantic partner, family, the community and the natural world. Pantuns can be recited at weddings, customary rituals, cultural performances and official ceremonies.

Knowledge and skills related to the element are transmitted formally in schools and artistic workshops, and informally through sessions and competitions. The practice offers a socially acceptable way to express oneself indirectly and politely. It is also an instrument of moral guidance, as verses often convey religious and cultural values such as restraint, respect, kindness and humility. A treasured oral heritage, pantun has even been used as a diplomatic form of conflict resolution, as it offers a way to gently evoke important issues. Harmony with nature and flexibility in human relationships are also lauded ideals.